Analysis of the Performance Indicators of the Leading Corporate Companies from the Brewing Industry in Serbia
Introduction: In this paper, an analysis of the business success of 5 leading companies that perform their business activities in the field of brewing was carried out. The degree of achieved business success is measured by indicators that point to the conclusion of whether business entities successfully manage their business activities or not. The main indicators for measuring the final results of business are profitability and cost-effectiveness. Aim: The aim of the paper is to determine the degree of success that the observed companies achieve during their business activities in a given period, as well as to look at the mutual order and relationship between these economic entities based on a comparative analysis of the obtained coefficients of cost-effectiveness and profitability. Materials and Methods: The analysis of these indicators was done on the basis of the data contained in the income statement. The method of analysis and comparison was used in the preparation of the paper. The most commonly used form of financial statement analysis is using ratio numbers. Ratio analysis implies the stated ratio of one balance sheet position to another, shown through a mathematical formulation. Results: By looking at the structure of total income and total expenses of the considered economic entities, the largest percentage of participation of the category of business income and business expenses was observed. This implies that the value of these determinants primarily depends on the volume of business activities. The obtained coefficients of the basic business indicators, during the observed period, were always higher than 1 in only two breweries. This means that in the others, at least once in the analyzed period, the business was uneconomical. Conclusion: By determining the indicators of profitability and cost-effectiveness, we came to the conclusion that, of the 5 leading companies of this agro-industrial branch, only "Heineken" Serbia and "Apatinska pivara" had coefficients that indicate constant business success during the observed time. Other breweries encounter a low valuation of these indicators in at least one analyzed year, which points to certain obstacles they encounter during their operations. This very fact justifies the claim of an oligopolistic beer market in the Republic of Serbia, which is characterized by one dominant producer, with one larger and one smaller follower, and a group of brewers with great potential.
The Dissemination of Literary Journalistic Genres Through the Online Platform of the Public Broadcaster of the Republic of Srpska
Introduction: This research explores the distribution of literary journalistic genres within the online program of the multimedia editorial team of the public broadcaster, Radio Television of the Republic of Srpska (RTRS). It examines the frequency of publishing such genres in RTRS’s online format, aiming to test the hypothesis that literary genres are rarely featured, even during periods influenced by seasonal factors in shaping the daily agenda. The theoretical framework is based on the classical journalistic classification of genres, with the core objective of determining whether RTRS’s online distribution caters to a broad audience in terms of content type. Aim: The study aims to assess the frequency of literary journalistic content and analyze the application of three key factors—informativeness, detail, and dynamism—in the production of reportage, the primary technique of literary genre writing. The research focuses on the quantity of publications and the structural elements tied to these factors. Materials and Methods: Content from RTRS’s online media was analyzed between May 1 and July 31, 2025. A quantitative method was used to identify genre affiliation, classify and tabulate data, alongside a case study approach and qualitative content analysis to recognize genre and thematic treatment. Results are presented numerically, as percentages, and descriptively, employing a descriptive method. Results: During the research period, 465 media items were published, of which 41 (8.82%) belonged to literary genres. Reportage was the most prevalent form, while sketch and feuilleton appeared less frequently. Conclusion: Literary genres had a limited presence in RTRS’s online distribution during the analysis period. By nurturing these genres, RTRS upholds its cultural mission as a public service. However, the lack of media regulation for online platforms in Bosnia and Herzegovina poses a significant barrier to producing content for a broad audience.
Renewable Energy Resources in the Function of Achieving Energy Security
Introduction: Energy is the key component in the development of each country because it affects social, economic, and technological advancement. Contemporary society is leaning towards more efficient and renewable usage of energy, in which particular emphasis is placed on energy resources. They represent an important alternative to non-renewable resources, both for their accessibility and more humane impact on the environment. Aim: The aim of this paper is to show the importance of renewable energy resources as sustainable alternatives to traditional energy resources, analyze their impact on energy and ecological security, and investigate the possibility of their usage in the Republic of Serbia. Materials and Methods: This paper is based on the analysis of accessible professional literature in the fields of energy, ecology, and sustainable development. Data used are from the relevant sources such as scientific articles, official reports from international agencies, and the Republic of Serbia statistics. Results: The results of this paper point out that renewable energy resources represent sustainable alternatives that can significantly contribute to energy and ecological security. Conclusion: Renewable energy resources represent a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. Although certain problems and limits exist in their usage, and they are not without limitations, their usage significantly contributes to reducing pollution and preserving the environment. With the expansion of renewable resources, energy independence increases, and long-term social and environmental development is supported.
Family Mediation in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Proposals De Lege Ferenda, Education, and Prevention
Introduction: This paper aims to provide a comprehensive theoretical basis for this crime, clarify its key elements, and place it in a broader comparative context. Aim: This paper aims to analyze the existing legal framework of family mediation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the protection of the rights of participants, offer de lege ferenda proposals towards improving legal and institutional regulations, and emphasize the importance of education and preventive measures as key factors for the successful implementation of mediation and achieving real gender equality. Materials and Methods: The research conducted shows that the existing legal acts and bylaws, with their imprecise, vague, and generalized provisions, are not in line with the recommendations of the Council of Europe and other European regulations. The existing legal solutions standardize the obligation of the mediation procedure before divorce, which is contrary to the basic principle of voluntariness in the mediation procedure. Furthermore, there are certain illogicalities in the legal solutions, such as the legal provision that states that in the event of non-response of both spouses to the mediation procedure, the impossibility of initiating divorce proceedings follows. Results: The implementation of family mediation is in line with legal provisions on the manner of implementation, but the quality and efficiency of the results are influenced by unfavorable and incomplete legal solutions, which can lead to situations in which the mediation procedure becomes only a formal fulfillment of existing legal obligations. Conclusion: Ultimately, it is necessary to amend the Rulebook on the conditions that must be met by a natural or legal person to deal with the mediation procedure before starting the divorce procedure; introduce the Code of Ethics, which will be a guarantee for the professional conduct of all mediators and prescribe the principles on which the mediation procedure is based (independence, neutrality, and confidentiality); and introduce and specify the exact course of the procedure, from which it must be visible how the mediator carried out each legal phase of the mediation procedure individually.
Criminal Offense of Endangering Public Safety
Introduction: This paper aims to provide a comprehensive theoretical foundation for the criminal offense of endangering security, clarify its key elements, and place it within a broader comparative context. Special attention is given to the normative framework of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as the legislation of regional countries and selected European Union states, allowing an understanding of common principles and specific differences in regulating this offense. Aim: The aim of this study is to present how the criminal offense of endangering security is regulated, identify challenges in its application, and highlight similarities and differences across the regional and European contexts. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the need for further development and improvement of legislation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as the strengthening of institutional capacities in the fields of the judiciary and public security. Materials and Methods: The research methodology is based on a combination of normative, comparative, and analytical-synthetic approaches. The study relies on available sources from legal theory, legislation, and case law, including the Criminal Codes of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Federation of BiH, and the Republic of Srpska, comparative literature from the region and the European Union, as well as relevant court decisions and international sources. Results: The study provides scientifically grounded answers regarding the normative and practical regulation of the criminal offense of endangering security. One of the expected outcomes is a detailed analysis of the existing legislative framework in Bosnia and Herzegovina, assessing its strengths and weaknesses. This establishes a basis for understanding how this criminal offense is treated in the domestic legal system, as well as in comparison with regional and European Union legislation. Conclusion: The criminal offense of endangering security represents a vital yet evolving legal concept. Its effectiveness in contemporary society depends not only on the consistent application of existing provisions but also on the ability of legislators and the judiciary to adapt it to new, sophisticated threats. The ultimate goal is not merely to punish those who create danger but to build a legal system capable of anticipating, identifying, and preventing security threats, while unwaveringly respecting fundamental human rights and legal principles.
Youth Well-Being Through the Prism of Sustainable Development
Introduction: Nowadays, the problem of population aging is emerging as a crucial issue in most European countries and worldwide. Aim: Accordingly, it is necessary to devote greater attention not only to the health and social care of the elderly but also to younger generations, those who are yet to come. Materials and Methods: Young people represent the potential and development opportunity of every country, and it is necessary to ensure better living conditions for this segment of the population (through financial support for employment, greater social inclusion, especially for vulnerable social groups, and better healthcare). There are numerous indicators that monitor the development of the young population to reveal crucial problems that need to be systematically addressed. The paper presents innovative indicators that focus on young people and monitor their progress in various social segments (the Youth Well-Being Index and the Youth Participation Index), individual quantitative and qualitative indicator values, the methods of data collection, and the goals and purpose of their use for monitoring and involving young people in various activities of social life. Results: The Strategy for Youth in the Republic of Serbia 2023–2030, the Guide to the Youth Well-Being Index, and the Monitoring Report on the Political, Economic, and Social Participation of Youth 2023 are the key documents from which the results of these indicators were obtained. Conclusion: Both indicators are of crucial importance for decision-makers and various civil society organisations, with the aim of improving the position of young people and achieving intersectoral cooperation. Local governments can better plan budget funds and available resources for young people.
The Institute of Habitatio in the Family Law of the Republic of Srpska
Introduction: The Roman institute of habitatio (the right of residence) represents a personal servitude that authorizes its holder to use another person’s residential property for residential use, without the right to dispose of it. From the perspective of children’s rights, it means the child’s right to a family home, which is guaranteed by international conventions, primarily the Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted in 1989, ratified by Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Family Law of the Republic of Srpska, in Article 339, regulates the right of residence in the family home in favor of the minor child and the parent entrusted with the exercise of parental rights. Aim: The aim of the paper is to analyze the Roman law institute of habitatio and its connection with the right of residence contained in the current law of the Republic of Srpska, with special emphasis on the Family Law. We will point out the original characteristics of this institute, the changes it underwent through reception, as well as its significance in assessing the best interests of the child when providing care. Materials and Methods: For the purpose of writing this paper, scientific literature in the form of textbooks, master’s and scholarly papers, positive legal regulations of the Republic of Srpska and neighboring states, medieval legal codes, as well as numerous foreign sources, were used. The authors used the following methods: historical, comparative-legal, and normative-dogmatic methods. Results: The analysis shows the significance of the Roman institute of habitatio, which, despite the passage of time, has found its place among the internal legal acts of the Republic of Srpska, such as the Family Law and international treaties relating to children’s rights. Conclusion: In addition to the three articles of the Family Law of the Republic of Srpska dedicated to this issue, answers to questions that may arise in the procedure of establishing the right of residence are provided by the court. Thus, this paper presents a complete picture of the institute of habitatio, starting from its origins, the solutions of modern legislators, and the judicial practice that interprets the written provisions of the law.
Human Rights and Family Relations: ANP Actors and Violence Prevention
Introduction: Contemporary society faces complex challenges that are reflected in the disruption of family relationships and the emergence of various forms of domestic violence. Aim: The aim is to look at current challenges in the field of human rights protection through a multidisciplinary approach, to shed light on the role of institutions in the prevention of violence. Materials and Methods: The research is based on the analysis of legal documents, statistical reports from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Srpska, and relevant literature in the field of criminal law. Results: In 2024, 1,070 cases of domestic violence were reported, which represents a decrease of 10.3% compared to the previous year. Perpetrators of violence are male in 92.9% of cases. The most represented group consists of men aged between 41 and 50. Conclusion: Domestic violence is a multidimensional problem that requires an integrated approach through strengthening the awareness of the community and improving institutional capacities.
Digital Political Forum: Themes and Styles of Pre-Election TikTok Posts
Introduction: TikTok is becoming an increasingly important platform for political communication, especially among young people. On this network, it is not uncommon for politics to mix with entertainment and popular trends, and politicians adapt their messages to the media’s logic and audience expectations. This is an example of how politics is mediatized. Aim: The aim of the study was first to examine the presence and popularity of Donald Trump and Kamala Harris on TikTok during the 2024 campaign, then to analyse the styles and formats of their posts, and finally to investigate which topics dominate and what the level of audience engagement is. Materials and Methods: A total of 116 TikTok posts were analyzed, 58 from each candidate. Quantitative analysis tracked the number of views, comments, and likes to assess the popularity of the posts. Qualitative analysis examined the style and communication approach, as well as the content themes. This allowed us to connect audience reactions with the style and topics of the posts. Results: Both candidates adapted to the TikTok logic, but in different ways. Trump chose posts that quickly attracted attention and highlighted his recognizable image. Harris experimented more with trends and formats, creating more diverse content and maintaining a consistent presence. Trump’s posts generated intense reactions in a short time, while Harris achieved broader engagement through varied and continuous posts. Conclusion: Politicians balance between informing and entertaining, and younger audiences engage more with interactive and creative content. However, in the long term, it remains uncertain how much these formats help people critically understand politics, as entertaining content often dominates deeper analysis.
Electronic Payment in Digital Economy and Legal Aspects of Consumer Protection in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Introduction: Electronic payment is a rapidly growing field of modern financial transactions, relying on technologies such as tokenization, multi-factor authentication, and encryption to ensure security. At the same time, legal regulations (EU directives and national laws) provide consumer protection against misuse, while this paper presents conclusions on the development of electronic payments in the local market. Aim: The aim of this paper is, on the one hand, to identify key security technologies that enable the safe execution of digital transactions, and on the other hand, to examine the legal framework and the effectiveness of existing regulations. Materials and Methods: In preparing this paper, the authors used a combination of qualitative and comparative research methods. The analysis of specific platforms is illustrated through a case study (PayPal). The materials include professional literature in the fields of business informatics, finance, and law, as well as applicable legal regulations and European directives. Results: The research has shown that electronic payments offer significant advantages in terms of transaction speed and availability, but also carry risks related to data security and potential misuse. The analysis of the legal framework indicates that PSD2 and GDPR provide a wide range of mechanisms for consumer protection, while domestic laws in the region often lag in their implementation. From a technical perspective, modern platforms apply advanced security measures such as encryption and multi-factor authentication, which significantly reduce the risk of fraud. The analysis of the PayPal platform shows that global services have more developed protection mechanisms and more transparent policies, while local banks only partially comply with these standards. Conclusion: Electronic payment is the foundation of the digital economy, but its sustainability depends on the synergy between legal regulation and technological solutions. The analysis has shown that global platforms lead in applying security technologies and transparent rules, while local systems require additional investments and alignment with international standards.
Application of Economic Analysis in Interpreting Certain Provisions of the Law on Protection of Competition of the Republic of Serbia
Introduction: The paper analyzes key institutes of Serbian competition law, including abuse of dominant position, restrictive agreements, and concentrations of market participants, with a focus on the legal framework and economic effects. Aim: The aim of the paper is to present the mechanisms of competition protection in Serbia, identify forms of competition violations, and assess their impact on market efficiency and consumers. Materials and Methods: The analysis is based on the Law on Protection of Competition, relevant decisions of the Commission for the Protection of Competition, case law, and law-and-economics literature. Normative-analytical, comparative, and law-and-economics approaches were applied, along with case studies and theoretical analysis of market effects. Results: The paper demonstrates that restrictive agreements, such as price-fixing or market-sharing arrangements, limit market dynamics and innovation. Abuse of dominant position can lead to exclusionary and exploitative effects, restricting competition and raising prices. Control of concentrations allows the Commission to prevent the emergence of dominant entities or coordinated effects that undermine competition. At the same time, concentrations can sometimes produce economic benefits, such as economies of scale and increased production efficiency. Conclusion: Effective application of competition law requires a balance between prohibiting violations and promoting market efficiency. The combination of legal and economic analyses enables a better understanding of the effects of competition violations and contributes to the preservation of a healthy market environment.
Cyber Violence Against Children: Challenges and Consequences in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Introduction: The development of the Internet and digital technologies has significantly changed the everyday life of children, especially those of preschool and adolescent age, opening countless opportunities for education, communication, and entertainment. On the other hand, the digital environment also brings new challenges, among which cyber violence is increasingly recognized as a serious problem, especially in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This form of violence, often hidden and difficult to detect, can have long-term psychological, emotional, and social consequences for the child's development. In modern circumstances, it is necessary to establish a comprehensive and coordinated child protection system through the active role of parents and educational institutions, strengthening awareness and digital skills in children, and adapting the legislative framework to the rapid development of digital technologies. Aim: The aim of the paper is to investigate the challenges posed by violence against children via the Internet, analyze its consequences, and present protection measures, with an emphasis on the role of parents, educational institutions, and the legislative framework in the prevention and protection of children in the digital environment. Materials and Methods: The study is based on a systematic review of relevant literature, official reports from competent institutions, and statistical data on digital risks for children. Descriptive and analytical methods were applied to assess the situation and propose appropriate solutions. Results: Children in Bosnia and Herzegovina spend a significant amount of time on the Internet and social media, which makes them particularly vulnerable to forms of cyber violence, including digital violence, sextortion, grooming, and exposure to inappropriate content. Insufficient digital literacy of parents and limited control further increase the risk. Effective application of legal and institutional measures significantly reduces the frequency and consequences of such violence. Conclusion: A safe digital environment requires educating children and parents, the active involvement of educational institutions, and strengthening the legislative framework. The implementation of preventive measures contributes to the protection of children and enables them to develop optimally in the digital age.
Terrorism – Chemical Terrorism and Chemical Weapons Control
Introduction: Chemical terrorism represents one of the most dangerous and most destructive forms of modern terrorism, with the potential to cause unforeseeable consequences on multiple levels of social life. This connotation emphasizes the growing need for its analysis, as well as the analysis of methods for its prevention and suppression, both globally and nationally. Aim: The aim of this paper is to provide basic information on the concept of terrorism itself, its classification, and sectoral positioning. Furthermore, the paper aims to highlight the importance of combating and preventing this phenomenon, as well as the control of chemical weapons. Materials and Methods: The materials and methods used for the preparation of this paper include a review of existing literature and scientific papers, as well as an analysis of legal documents: the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction, the Law on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, the Law on Protection and Rescue in Emergency Situations, and the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for Chemical-Biological-Radiological-Nuclear (CBRN) Protection Teams. Results: The result of this paper is the analysis of the theoretical definition of terrorism, analysis of the aforementioned Convention, as well as the way in which the Convention has been implemented in the legal system of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Conclusion: The possibility of using chemical weapons for terrorist purposes presents a real threat, which justifies the need for a more detailed analysis. Chemical terrorism carries unforeseeable consequences for human health, the environment, and the country’s economy, which requires adequate public awareness, trained security services, and proper legal regulation of this issue, as well as the implementation of international conventions that govern it.
Institutionalization of Eurasian Integrations — Shanghai Organization for Cooperation and Eurasian Economic Union
Introduction: Contemporary international relations are increasingly undergoing a transition from a unipolar to a multipolar order in which the East, led by China and Russia, is building its own institutional and geopolitical mechanisms. In this context, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) represent key instruments of new regionalism and cooperation in the Eurasian space. Aim: The aim of the paper is to provide a brief analysis of the role of the SCO and the EEU in shaping the geopolitics of the East, with an emphasis on their institutional structure, strategic function, and impact on the redefinition of Eurasian space. In addition, the paper briefly discusses the basic concepts, origin, and development of international organizations as a theoretical framework for understanding the analyzed examples. Materials and Methods: The paper relies on secondary sources: academic literature, official documents of organizations, analytical reports, and relevant scientific papers. The methods of content analysis, comparative analysis, and a synthetic approach were used in interpreting institutional and geopolitical aspects. Results: The analysis shows that the SCO plays a primary role in security and political coordination in the region, while the EEU is a mechanism for economic integration under the Russian initiative. Both organizations have a significant role in strengthening regional cohesion and balancing influence, but at the same time, they represent complex systems that require continuous coordination and adjustment among their members. Conclusion: The SCO and the EEU represent institutional reflections of the geopolitical ambitions of the East in the contemporary world order. Although not without limitations, these organizations play a significant role in establishing a new architecture of power in Eurasia and contribute to the strategic positioning of China and Russia as leading actors in the formation of a multipolar world.
Restoration of the Kingdom of Serbia in the 19th Century
Introduction: The paper analyzes the path to the restoration of the Kingdom of Serbia in the 19th century, which was extremely demanding and accompanied by numerous challenges. The paper examines the path to the restoration of modern Serbian statehood, from the Karađorđe Uprising and the Principality of Serbia to the Berlin Congress and full Serbian state independence, culminating in the restoration of the kingdom. Aim: The paper aims to shed light on the historical period in which the Kingdom of Serbia was restored by analyzing the state-legal processes, international relations, and conflicts that led to its restoration. Materials and Methods: The paper uses available materials from the history of Serbian statehood, as well as materials from historical and legal scientific literature. In addition to the historical method, the comparative method was used when analyzing the state status and the level of autonomy and sovereignty across different periods of Serbian statehood in the 19th century. Results: When analyzing the internal sovereignty and external independence of the Serbian state in the 19th century, the results and conclusions were that with the strengthening of Serbian internal social cohesion and national unity, along with favorable geopolitical circumstances, the Serbian state gradually grew stronger. Diplomatic struggle with the clearly outlined goal of complete liberation, regardless of the ruling dynasty, was not sufficient to achieve the goal, and freedom had to be both defended and achieved by military force. Conclusion: The importance of knowing the events that led to the restoration of modern Serbian statehood in the 19th century is immeasurable. Scientific elucidation of the state-legal status as well as the geopolitical situation in that period is of great importance for a holistic view of the entire process of gaining state independence. The idea of restoring the Kingdom of Serbia has remained present since the Middle Ages and the arrival of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans. Numerous attempts to make the dream a reality finally bore fruit in the second half of the 19th century with the coronation of Prince Milan Obrenović as the first Serbian king in the modern history of Serbia.
The Impact of Harmonization of Direct Taxes in the European Union on the Tax Sovereignty of Member States
Introduction: The harmonization of tax policies within the European Union is one of the key issues within the broader process of European integration. While a significant degree of harmonization has been achieved in the field of indirect taxation, direct taxes still remain within the jurisdiction of the Member States, which raises a series of legal and political dilemmas. The tension between the need for the efficient functioning of the single market and the preservation of fiscal sovereignty is particularly pronounced. Although the Union respects the tax autonomy of its members, through judicial practice and legislative initiatives, it increasingly influences the shaping of national policies. Establishing a sustainable framework for the coordination of tax policy remains a challenge both from a legal and an institutional point of view. Aim: The aim of the paper is to analyze the legal and institutional mechanisms of harmonization of direct taxes in the European Union, with special reference to the issue of preserving the tax sovereignty of the member states. Through this analysis, we try to point out the importance of achieving a balance between national interests and the need for the efficient functioning of the common market. Materials and Methods: For the writing of the paper, legal regulations were used, followed by court decisions and relevant scientific literature. Results: The paper confirms the justification of harmonization in the area of direct taxation as a way of fighting against harmful competition and as a response to global challenges. Conclusion: Direct taxation remains one of the last areas where the tension between national jurisdiction and European integration is clearly manifested. Although the political will for deeper harmonization is lacking, judicial practice and the functional need for a single market are gradually redefining the limits of fiscal sovereignty. Such a process, although subtle, confirms that European tax coordination relies more on legal mechanisms than political consensus. In the future, we can expect a gradual abandonment of the principle of consensus in decision-making as a step towards establishing a more efficient management system within the European Union.
Hermeneutics as a Basic Method of (Criminal) Legal Sciences
Introduction: Hermeneutics, as a theory of interpretation, plays a significant role in criminal law by providing a framework for understanding legal norms within their socio-political and historical contexts. Given the necessity for precision and clarity in criminal law, hermeneutical approaches help resolve ambiguities and reconcile conflicts between statutory provisions, judicial practice, and moral principles. Aim: The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the significance of hermeneutics as a methodological tool in interpreting criminal law norms and to highlight its contribution to the development of contemporary legal doctrine and practice. Materials and Methods: The paper applies the hermeneutical method of analysis, as well as comparative-legal and normative methods, relying on relevant case law and modern theoretical approaches in criminal law and legal philosophy. Results: The analysis shows that hermeneutical approaches enable a dynamic understanding and application of criminal law norms, contributing to greater coherence between statutory texts, judicial decisions, and moral principles. In doing so, hermeneutics becomes a key factor in resolving legal dilemmas and ensuring the fair application of law. Conclusion: Hermeneutics represents an indispensable methodological framework for understanding and applying criminal law. It allows legal norms to be interpreted in accordance with contemporary social values, thereby contributing to the development of legal science and practice as a whole.
The Effects of Increasing the Minimum Wage on Employment in the Republic of Srpska
Introduction: The minimum wage is an important instrument of economic and social policy because it affects workers' standard of living, business costs, and the labor market. In the Republic of Srpska, the question of its increase often causes discussions about the effects on employment and competitiveness. This paper analyzes the impact of minimum wage changes on the labor market in the Republic of Srpska in the period 2017–2024. Aim: The objective of the research is to determine whether the increase in the minimum wage statistically affects employment and which factors contribute most to its changes, with an emphasis on the difference between the public and private sectors. Materials and Methods: The analysis was conducted on the basis of quarterly data from the Statistical Office of the Republic of Srpska for the period 2017–2024, using multiple regression analysis. The dependent variable is the number of employees, and the independent variables are the minimum wage, GDP, average wage, tax wedge, unemployment, employment by sector, import, export, and CPI. Statistical processing was done in Microsoft Excel. Results: The minimum wage has no significant effect on employment (p > 0.05). The key factors are the number of employees in the private sector and unemployment. The model has high explanatory power (R² = 0.9986) Conclusion: The increase in the minimum wage in the Republic of Srpska does not lead to a decrease in employment but has a neutral effect. The future policy of its determination should be harmonized with the growth of productivity and the needs of the labor market.
Logistical Challenges in the Oil Derivatives Distribution Sector and Opportunities for Optimization Using Quantitative Methods
Introduction: The control of energy resources has become a focal point for global powers, making the 21st century a period defined by efficient energy management. While a transition to renewable energy sources is both required and necessary, the world will not be able to function without oil and its derivatives for a long time. The safe delivery of petroleum products to end-users is an obligation for companies in the oil industry. Companies that perform this task most efficiently achieve greater profits and stand out from the competition. The application of quantitative methods can play a significant role in these companies. Aim: This paper aims to connect theory with practice and academia with the real sector through the application of a center-of-gravity method, an inventory model, and a transportation model. Materials and Methods: Qualitative and comparative methods were used to analyze publicly available data, as well as quantitative methods, specifically the center-of-gravity method, the inventory model, and the transportation model. Results: Economic-mathematical models and methods make it possible to determine the optimal location of storage quantities, as well as the associated costs. The application of the transportation model and inventory model showed the optimal location for a warehouse in Herzegovina and the capacity that this warehouse should have to efficiently serve this region. Conclusion: Companies in the energy sector of Bosnia and Herzegovina, especially oil companies, face numerous macroeconomic constraints, such as geographical location, infrastructure, and legal regulations, which dictate the method of transporting petroleum products. To ensure continuity and prevent the risk of supply chain disruption, a warehouse/storage facility in Herzegovina is necessary. The application of economic-mathematical models and methods in the system not only of this type of enterprise but also of other enterprises can bring significant savings.
Consent in the Theory of Social Contract
Introduction: One of the classic questions of political theory is how to establish legitimate authority without jeopardizing the freedom and autonomy of individuals. The answer to this question lies in the concept of consent, which explains when political authority is legitimate. The concept of consent is a cardinal notion in contractualist theory and represents the basis for understanding political legitimacy and political obligation. John Locke’s theory of the state largely relies on the doctrine of consent. This doctrine marks a pivotal moment in the development of liberal and democratic theories in the history of political thought. However, the doctrine has sparked various controversies and has raised questions about whether Locke’s early and later positions are mutually compatible. This paper contributes to the scholarly debate by examining the role of consent in Locke’s theory of the state. Aim: The paper will analyze different dimensions of consent in the theory of the social contract: explicit and implicit consent. Special attention will be given to the concept of coercive consent, which, as a phenomenon, has been separately studied in contemporary contractualist theory. Materials and Methods: By analyzing the theoretical settings of the most significant representatives of social contract theory, we will try to answer the question that constitutes an important point of this paper: When can a social contract be considered valid and legitimate? In this paper, two extreme theoretical settings will be analyzed together with the arguments put forward by their proponents for or against coercive consent in social contract theory. Results: The analysis of theoretical approaches shows that the constitutional contract is valid when the political community is constituted on the basis of the consent of free and sovereign individuals. To safeguard the freedom and autonomy of the individual will, it is essential that those over whom political authority is established grant their consent to it. Conclusion: The concept of consent is a cardinal notion of contemporary contractualist theory, woven into the very foundations of republican political doctrine. Consent should be understood as a dynamic category that reflects the recognition of the necessity of a certain type of political authority, while simultaneously respecting the determination of the people to remain free.
Women in the New Testament: Sociological and Legal Interpretations
Introduction: The topic of the position of women in Christianity, especially in the New Testament, raises questions about the place of women in the theological, social, and legal order. The New Testament brought significant changes to the patriarchal environment of the time: Jesus spoke with women, included them in his mission, and entrusted them with key testimonies. However, later church practice and institutional interpretations often restricted this space, creating a gap between the original teaching and its historical reception. Aim: The aim of this paper is to show how the New Testament and its later interpretations shaped the legal and social position of women, and to highlight the connection between religious texts, church norms, and the formation of patriarchal patterns in law and culture. Materials and Methods: The paper analyzes biblical texts, especially the New Testament, as well as church canons, Dušan’s Code, the Charter of Žiča, and other legal sources. The method applied is a comparative legal-historical analysis, including the consideration of Jewish law, Roman law, Hellenistic philosophy, and feminist theology, with the aim of presenting the continuity and changes in the position of women. Results: The analysis shows that the New Testament granted women dignity and a significant role, but that the later institutionalization of Christianity reintroduced a patriarchal model. The Mariological ideal, while providing an empowering example, simultaneously created an additional burden through unrealistic expectations. Church law was transferred into customary and state law, thereby making the pattern of women’s subordination a part of legal practice and cultural heritage. Conclusion: Understanding the New Testament and its interpretations is important for contemporary lawyers and society, as it demonstrates how texts and symbols become norms and shape gender roles over the long term. A critical reading of these sources today can contribute to a greater appreciation of women and to equality in law and society.
The Importance of Business Intelligence in the Digital Transformation of Higher Education Institutions
Introduction: In today’s digital age, higher education institutions face challenges that require rapid adaptation and efficient management of information, the volume of which is constantly increasing. Business Intelligence (BI) emerges as a key tool in the process of digital transformation, enabling data-driven decision-making, process optimization, and overall improvement in the quality of education, which is of strategic importance to the development of educational institutions. Aim: The aim of this paper is to explore the significance of Business Intelligence in the context of digital transformation of higher education institutions, with a particular focus on its contribution to strategic management, administrative efficiency, and enhancement of the student experience. Materials and Methods: This paper is based on the analysis of secondary sources, including relevant academic literature in the field of Business Intelligence, as well as published scientific papers from various journals and websites. A comparative method was applied to analyze the implementation of Business Intelligence in higher education institutions worldwide, with a focus on the possibilities of its application in the domestic context. Results: The findings indicate that the implementation of Business Intelligence systems enables higher education institutions to manage resources more efficiently, monitor student academic performance, optimize curricula, and improve transparency in decision-making. Particular importance is given to integration with existing information systems, which creates a foundation for smart management of educational processes. Conclusion: Business Intelligence represents an essential component of the digital transformation of higher education institutions. Its application can significantly contribute to the modernization of the educational system, increase the competitiveness of universities, and better connect the economic and IT aspects of education management. It is necessary to follow global trends and strive to apply them appropriately within higher education institutions to ensure that the quality of education remains competitive in the 21st century.